• Prostaglandin-based strategies emerged as the central paradigm for cervical ripening and labour induction, leveraging extra-amniotic and oral PGE2 formulations to prime the cervix, shorten induction time, and reduce complications [1], [19], [5], [10], [11].

• Biophysical and biochemical analyses of cervical mucus revealed how protein composition, mucin rheology, and hormonal modulation shape mucus viscosity, sperm transport, and receptivity, informing ripening mechanisms [2], [12], [9], [8], [13], [6], [7].

• Rheological studies across the menstrual cycle highlighted dynamic viscoelastic transitions in cervical mucus, aligning peak sperm penetration with low-viscosity estrogens and restricting passage with progestin-dominated mucus, a pattern central to fertility and timing [9], [8], [12], [18].

• Anatomical remodeling of the cervix during pregnancy and labor was investigated, identifying altered collagen, glycoproteins, and glycosaminoglycans as substrates for ripening and dilation; these structural insights underpinned subsequent prostaglandin-based priming strategies [3], [20], [5].